Printable, one file, no cost. Enter your email and we’ll send it over.
We’ll also send you German learning tips. Unsubscribe any time — there’s a link in every email.
Learn this properly in the German A1 course
Start from zero. Greet people, name things, and build your first real German sentences.
See the A1 courseThe German alphabet is the very first thing you should learn when starting German. The good news: it uses the same 26 letters as the English alphabet, plus four extra characters. The challenging news: many of those familiar-looking letters produce completely different sounds. This guide walks you through every single letter, the special characters, tricky letter combinations, and the German spelling alphabet -- everything you need to read German out loud with confidence.
Below is the complete German alphabet with each letter's German name, an approximate English pronunciation, and an example word. Practice saying each letter name out loud -- this is the foundation for everything that follows.
| Letter | German Name | Sounds Like | Example Word |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | ah | "ah" as in "father" | Apfel (apple) |
| B | beh | "bay" | Buch (book) |
| C | tseh | "tsay" | Cafe (cafe) |
| D | deh | "day" | Danke (thanks) |
| E | eh | "ay" as in "say" | Essen (food) |
| F | eff | "eff" | Fisch (fish) |
| G | geh | "gay" (hard g) | Garten (garden) |
| H | hah | "hah" | Haus (house) |
| I | ih | "ee" as in "see" | Igel (hedgehog) |
| J | jot | "yot" | Jahr (year) |
| K | kah | "kah" | Katze (cat) |
| L | ell | "ell" | Liebe (love) |
| M | emm | "emm" | Milch (milk) |
| N | enn | "enn" | Nacht (night) |
| O | oh | "oh" as in "so" | Obst (fruit) |
| P | peh | "pay" | Platz (place) |
| Q | kuh | "koo" | Quelle (source) |
| R | err | "airr" (uvular r) | Rot (red) |
| S | ess | "ess" | Sonne (sun) |
| T | teh | "tay" | Tag (day) |
| U | uh | "oo" as in "moon" | Uhr (clock) |
| V | fau | "fow" | Vogel (bird) |
| W | weh | "vay" | Wasser (water) |
| X | iks | "iks" | Xylophon (xylophone) |
| Y | ypsilon | "OOP-si-lon" | Yoga (yoga) |
| Z | tsett | "tsett" | Zeit (time) |
Notice how the letter names themselves give you pronunciation clues. B is "beh," D is "deh," G is "geh" -- they all end with an "eh" sound, unlike the English "bee, dee, gee." Getting comfortable with these names is the first step toward speaking German naturally.
Want to drill your letter recognition at speed? Try Type Rush, where you type German words against the clock. It trains your brain to connect letters with sounds automatically.
The German alphabet has 26 standard letters plus four extra characters that do not exist in English: Ä, Ö, Ü, and ß. These are not decorative -- they represent distinct sounds and can change the meaning of a word entirely.
The umlauts are critical for meaning. schon means "already," but schön means "beautiful." Mutter means "mother," but Mütter means "mothers." Getting these right from day one prevents confusion later. For a deeper dive into these sounds with practice exercises, see our full German pronunciation guide.
The eszett (ß) deserves its own section because it causes so much confusion among beginners. Here is what you need to know:
Pronunciation: It always sounds like a sharp, hissing "ss" -- never like a "b" or a "beta," despite its visual resemblance to the Greek letter. Think of the "ss" in English "miss" or "lass."
When it appears: The ß comes after long vowels and diphthongs:
Compare with "ss": Double-s appears after short vowels:
The 2017 update: Since 2017, there is officially a capital ß (ẞ), though many people still write "SS" when capitalizing. So Straße can become either STRAẞE or STRASSE.
Cannot type ß? Write "ss" instead. Most Germans will understand perfectly, and this is standard practice in Switzerland.
Five letters will trip you up if you apply English pronunciation habits. Master these and you eliminate the most common beginner mistakes.
The German J is always pronounced like the English "y" in "yes." Never like the English "j" in "jump."
The German W always sounds like the English "v." This is one of the most noticeable differences.
In native German words, V sounds like "f." In foreign loanwords, it can sound like English "v."
The German Z is always pronounced "ts," like the end of English "cats." This applies at the beginning, middle, and end of words.
At the start of a word before a vowel, German S is voiced (buzzing, like English "z"):
At the end of a word or before a consonant, it is voiceless (hissing, like English "s"):
These swaps become automatic with practice. Speech Champion is ideal for drilling these because the AI tutor catches the exact moments when you slip into English pronunciation habits.
German has several letter combinations that produce sounds you will not find by just adding individual letters together. Learn these and you can decode almost any German word on sight.
Always sounds like English "sh":
At the beginning of a word or syllable, sp becomes "shp" and st becomes "sht":
In the middle or end of a word, they stay normal: Fenster (window) = "FEN-stuh."
Key memory trick: The second letter in the pair tells you the sound. E-I sounds like "I." I-E sounds like "E."
For a complete breakdown of all German sounds with practice exercises, see our full pronunciation guide. If you want to test your knowledge of these patterns, try the pronunciation quiz.
Spelling out loud -- buchstabieren -- is a practical skill you will use at hotels, on the phone, and at government offices. Because many German letter names sound different from English, you need to learn the German way.
Here is how you would spell the name "Schmidt":
"S wie Samuel, C wie Cäsar, H wie Heinrich, M wie Martha, I wie Ida, D wie Dora, T wie Theodor."
The phrase "wie" (like) is used to clarify each letter, similar to how English speakers say "B as in Bravo."
Practice exercise: Try spelling your own name using the German letter names from the table above. Then try spelling it using the full German spelling alphabet below.
Germany uses an official spelling alphabet, similar to NATO's phonetic alphabet but with German names. It was updated in 2022 to use city names instead of personal names. Here is the current standard:
| Letter | Spelling Word | Letter | Spelling Word |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Aachen | N | Nürnberg |
| B | Berlin | O | Offenbach |
| C | Cottbus | P | Potsdam |
| D | Düsseldorf | Q | Quickborn |
| E | Essen | R | Rostock |
| F | Frankfurt | S | Salzburg |
| G | Goslar | T | Tübingen |
| H | Hamburg | U | Unna |
| I | Ingelheim | V | Völklingen |
| J | Jena | W | Wuppertal |
| K | Köln | X | Xanten |
| L | Leipzig | Y | Ypsilon |
| M | München | Z | Zwickau |
Special characters:
| Character | Spelling Word |
|---|---|
| Ä | Umlaut-Aachen |
| Ö | Umlaut-Offenbach |
| Ü | Umlaut-Unna |
| ß | Eszett |
So if you were spelling Müller on the phone, you would say: "München, Umlaut-Unna, Leipzig, Leipzig, Essen, Rostock."
This alphabet is worth memorizing if you plan to live or work in a German-speaking country. Practicing it also reinforces the letter names and their sounds -- a double win.
Here are five practical strategies to make these sounds stick:
1. Learn the alphabet song in German. Yes, there is a German version. The melody is the same, but the letter names are different. Singing it helps lock the names into memory.
2. Practice in pairs. Focus on the letters that confuse English speakers: W/V, J/Y, Z/S. Say them back to back until the German sounds feel automatic.
3. Spell everything out loud. Whenever you learn a new German word, spell it using the German letter names. This reinforces both vocabulary and alphabet knowledge.
4. Use games for reinforcement. Type Rush builds your letter-to-sound connections at speed, and Speech Champion gives you AI feedback on your pronunciation accuracy.
5. Record and compare. Record yourself saying the alphabet and compare it to a native speaker. Pay special attention to R (uvular, not tongue-tip), W (like English "v"), and the umlauts.
The German alphabet is your entry point into the entire language. Once you can confidently name every letter, pronounce the special characters, and decode letter combinations, reading German out loud becomes straightforward. The language is remarkably phonetic -- what you see is almost always what you say.
Here is your action plan:
For a broader look at German pronunciation beyond the alphabet, including vowel length, the German R, and sentence intonation, read our complete German pronunciation guide. And if you are building your grammar alongside pronunciation, our German grammar for beginners guide is the perfect companion.
The alphabet is where every German speaker started. You have got the guide -- now it is time to practice.